what white people need to know about the civil rights movement
Sections
- About the Movement
- Brown v. Board of Didactics
- Civil Rights Human action of 1964
- Voting Rights Human action (VRA)
- Civil Rights Deed of 1968 (Fair Housing Act)
- Instructor Lesson Plans and Resources
About the Movement
The Civil Rights Movement of the 1950'due south and 1960's came almost out of the demand and want for equality and liberty for African Americans and other people of color. Nearly i hundred years after slavery was abolished, at that place was widespread segregation, discrimination, disenfranchisement and racially motivated violence that permeated all personal and structural aspects of life for black people. "Jim Crow" laws at the local and state levels barred African Americans from classrooms and bathrooms, from theaters and railroad train cars, from juries and legislatures.
During this period of time, there was a huge surge of activism taking place to reverse this bigotry and injustice. Activists worked together and used non-violent protest and specific acts of targeted civil defiance, such as the Montgomery Charabanc Cold-shoulder and the Greensboro Woolworth Sit-Ins, in social club to bring about change. Much of this organizing and activism took place in the Southern part of the United States; all the same, people from all over the country—of all races and religions—joined activists to proclaim their support and commitment to freedom and equality. For example, on August 28, 1963, 250,000 Americans came to Washington, D.C. for the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. They came to have their voices heard and mind to speeches by many ceremonious rights leaders, especially Martin Luther King, Jr., who delivered what would become one of the most influential speeches in history.
Betwixt 1954 and 1968, ceremonious rights legislation was passed. Fundamental and lasting modify was made during this relatively brusk menstruation of time and its touch tin can be seen in a myriad of ways in our club today. Still, civil rights problems such equally immigration, racial disparities in the criminal justice system, the perpetual segregation of our nation's schools—to name but a few—remain and are in need of ongoing work.
Landmark and Sweeping Ceremonious Rights Legislation
1954
The Supreme Courtroom, in Brown v. Lath of Education, ruled that schools could no longer be segregated and that state laws establishing divide public schools for blackness and white students were unconstitutional.
1964
The Civil Rights Human activity of 1964 prohibited discrimination in public places, provided for the integration of schools and other public facilities and made employment discrimination illegal based on race, color, organized religion, sex or national origin. The certificate was the most sweeping civil rights legislation since Reconstruction.
1965
The Voting Rights Deed of 1965 was passed. This legislation protected minority voting rights, disallowment states from passing laws that would discriminate against minority voters and requiring certain state and local governments with a history of voting discrimination to get approval from the federal government before making any changes to their voting laws or procedures.
1968
Finally, the Ceremonious Rights Act of 1968, commonly known every bit the "Fair Housing Act," provided equal housing opportunities regardless of race, creed or national origin and made information technology illegal to interfere with housing rights and opportunities.
Brown five. Board of Educational activity
"Nosotros conclude that in the field of public educational activity the doctrine of 'split but equal' has no place. Dissever educational facilities are inherently unequal."
These historic words from the Brown v. Board of Teaching Bulk Opinion ushered in an unprecedented era of civil rights and schoolhouse restructuring in the U.s.a.. In 1954, when this judgment was written, not a single black student attended a bulk white public school in the American South.
The Road to Chocolate-brown
In 1892, Homer Plessy, an African-American man, refused to surrender his seat to a white man on a train in New Orleans, as he was required to practice by Louisiana land police. For this action he was arrested. Plessy, contending that the Louisiana police separating blacks from whites on trains violated the "equal protection clause" of the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, decided to fight his arrest in courtroom. In 1896, his case was presented to the United States Supreme Court. By a vote of eight-ane, the Supreme Courtroom ruled against Plessy. With this ruling, racial segregation was permitted nether the guise of "carve up only equal" and racially segregated schools were made legal. Despite the Supreme Courtroom'due south ruling in Plessy and like cases, many people continued to press for the abolition of Jim Crow and other racially discriminatory laws.
In 1952, five separate cases came before the U.South. District Court concerning the upshot of segregation in public schools. These cases were Brownish v. Lath of Education of Topeka (Kansas), Briggs v. Elliot (South Carolina), Davis v. Lath of Education of Prince Edward County (Virginia), Boiling v. Sharpe (District of Columbia) and Gebhart five. Ethel (Delaware). While the facts of each case are different, the main outcome in each was the constitutionality of state-sponsored segregation in public schools. Thurgood Marshall and the NAACP Legal Defense force and Educational activity Fund handled these cases. A three-gauge panel at the U.South. Commune Court heard the cases and ruled in favor of the schoolhouse boards. The plaintiffs then appealed to the U.S. Supreme Courtroom.
When the cases came earlier the Supreme Courtroom in 1952, the Court consolidated all five cases nether the name of Brown v. Board of Pedagogy. Thurgood Marshall personally argued the case before the Court. Although he raised a variety of legal issues on appeal, the most common one was that separate school systems for blacks and whites were inherently unequal, and thus violate the "equal protection clause" of the 14th Subpoena to the U.S. Constitution. Unable to come to a solution past June 1953 (the finish of the Court'due south 1952–1953 term), the Courtroom decided to rehear the case in Dec 1953. Finally, all of the Justices agreed to support a unanimous determination.
On May 17, 1954, the Supreme Courtroom delivered the unanimous ruling declaring country-sanctioned segregation of public schools was a violation of the 14th Amendment and was therefore unconstitutional.
Related Teaching Resource
Ceremonious Rights Human action of 1964
The Ceremonious Rights Act of 1964 was signed into police by President Lyndon Johnson fifty years ago on July 2, 1964. The Human activity banned discrimination in public facilities including private companies offering public services like lunch counters, hotels and theaters; provided for the integration of schools and other public facilities and made employment bigotry illegal based on race, color, religion, sexual practice or national origin. The document was the about sweeping civil rights legislation since Reconstruction.
Despite the Supreme Court's ruling in Dark-brown v. Board of Didactics in 1954 that schoolhouse segregation was unconstitutional, in the 1960s, in many communities in the United states of america, African American and white people were nonetheless segregated in schools, public transportation and restaurants. Discrimination prevented many African Americans from receiving equal consideration for employment and education. The Civil Rights Human activity of 1964 sought to legally prohibit and punish these injustices. And while many leaders at that time reminded the public that laws alone cannot shape "the hearts and minds" of people, the power of regime through laws is a disquisitional stride to bring about change.
The road to passing the Ceremonious Rights Act was a bumpy one. For decades later Reconstruction, Congress did not pass a unmarried civil rights act. With protests throughout the south including one in Birmingham where constabulary tried to suppress nonviolent demonstrators with dogs and burn hoses, President John F. Kennedy decided to human action. In June 1963, he proposed the well-nigh far reaching civil rights legislation to date, saying the U.S. "will non be fully complimentary until all of its citizens are free."
Post-obit Kennedy's assassination in November 1963, Martin Luther King, Jr. connected to press for the nib as did newly inaugurated President Lyndon B. Johnson. The Firm approved the bill with bipartisan support simply when it moved to the Senate, a lxx-five 24-hour interval filibuster ensued. Finally, the Senate voted 73–27 in favor of the bill and President Johnson signed the bill into police on July 2, 1964. Upon signing it, he said, "Americans of every race and color have died in battle to protect our freedom. Americans of every race and color have worked to build a nation of widening opportunities. At present our generation of Americans has been called on to continue the unending search for justice within our own borders. We believe that all men are created equal. Yet many are denied equal handling."
Related Teaching Resources
Voting Rights Act (VRA)
History of the VRA
In March 1965, on a bridge outside Selma, Alabama, a 2d phase of the revolution was born. Ceremonious and homo rights activists, including many immature people, took to the streets in a peaceful protestation for voting rights for African-Americans. They were met with clubs and violence. Many were beaten and severely injured, including a young activist named John Lewis, who now serves equally Congressman for Georgia'south 5th District. Simply the activists did non face attacks on their march in vain. Goggle box brought this conflict of angry violence confronting peaceful, moral protest into living rooms across America.
5 days later on, President Johnson announced to a joint session of Congress that he would bring them an effective voting rights bill. Echoing the spiritual anthem of the ceremonious rights motility, he said simply, "We Shall Overcome."
He—and nosotros—did overcome. On Baronial half dozen, 1965, President Johnson signed into police the Voting Rights Deed, hailed by many as the most effective civil rights law ever.
The VRA
President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Voting Rights Act into constabulary on August 6, 1965.
The Voting Rights Act of 1965 was designed to address the disenfranchisement of people of color, specially African Americans, from voting. It prohibits discrimination based on race, and requires certain jurisdictions to provide bilingual assistance to linguistic communication minority voters. Section ii of the Human activity, which bars the use of voting practices or procedures that discriminate against minority voters, has been used successfully to assault discrimination in voting including restrictive voter registration requirements, districting plans that dilute minority voting strength, discriminatory annexations, and the location of polling places at sites inaccessible to minority voters.
Section 5 of the Act requires federal "preclearance" before covered jurisdictions (i.e., specified jurisdictions with a history of practices that restrict minority voting rights) may make changes in existing voting practices or procedures. The Act as well provides the Department of Justice with the authority to appoint federal observers and examiners to monitor elections to ensure that they are conducted fairly. Initial enforcement efforts targeted, amidst other things, literacy tests, poll taxes, and discriminatory registration practices.
In 1975, the Voting Rights Act was amended to address the voting rights of linguistic communication minority groups. Sections iv and 203 of the Deed apply in jurisdictions with pregnant numbers of voters with express or no English proficiency and require such jurisdictions to provide voting materials and assistance in relevant languages in addition to English.
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Reprinted with permission from "Voting Rights Acts," The Leadership Conference, www.civilrights.org/voting-rights/vra/history.html.
Related Teaching Resources
Civil Rights Act of 1968 (Fair Housing Act)
In 1966 President Lyndon Johnson failed to persuade Congress to pass a civil rights neb with a fair housing provision. The bump-off of ceremonious rights leader Martin Luther Rex, Jr., generated the back up needed to pass the bill 2 years later.
On April 11, 1968, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed into law the Civil Rights Act of 1968—popularly known as the Off-white Housing Deed—which prohibits discrimination in the sale, rental and financing of dwellings based on race, color, organized religion, sex or national origin. It also contained anti-riot provisions and protected persons exercising specific rights—such every bit attending school or serving on a jury—too as civil rights workers urging others to do these rights. It included the Indian Bill of Rights to extend constitutional protections to Native Americans non covered past the Bill of Rights.
When originally passed in 1968, the Human action only covered iv protective classes: race, color, religion, and national origin. Sex was added as a protective class in 1974. In 1988, disability and familial status were included as protective classes too.
Teacher Lesson Plans and Resources
Brownish five. Board of Educational activity
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Voting Rights Human activity (VRA)
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Source: https://www.adl.org/education/resources/backgrounders/civil-rights-movement
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